Final answer:
The transmission of genes that are close to each other on the same chromosome violates the law of independent assortment due to gene linkage (option 2). Recombination can interrupt this linkage for genes that are far apart on a chromosome.
Step-by-step explanation:
The transmission of genes that are close to each other on the same chromosome violates the law of independent assortment. The law of independent assortment states that alleles of different genes sort independently of one another during gamete formation. However, when genes are closely linked on the same chromosome, they tend to be inherited together, which does not allow for the independent assortment that Mendel's law predicts.
This is due to gene linkage, which means the physical proximity of genes on a chromosome influences their inheritance pattern. It's important to note, though, that recombination or crossing over during meiosis can interrupt this linkage, allowing genes that are far apart on a chromosome to assort more independently.
Hence, the answer is option 2.