Final answer:
If Earth's tilt was 45° instead of 23.5°, seasons would be more extreme with higher temperature variations, altering animal migrations and agriculture, among other environmental and ecosystem aspects.
Step-by-step explanation:
If the Earth were tilted at 45° instead of 23.5°, the seasons would be more extreme, leading to greater temperature extremes. At a 45° tilt, the sunlight would strike the Earth at a more exaggerated angle, causing areas to experience more pronounced differences between summer and winter.
This would indeed lead to:
d) All of the above, which includes:
- Extreme seasonal variations: The contrast between winter and summer would increase dramatically, with colder winters and hotter summers.
- Migration patterns: Animals that migrate based on the length of day or temperature would have to adjust to the new extreme conditions, potentially altering migration routes and timing.
- Agriculture and growing seasons: Crops adapted to current climate conditions might fail, and growing seasons could shift, requiring changes in agricultural practices.
Additional impacts would include potential changes in weather patterns, distribution of ecosystems, and human activities such as energy consumption to cope with the more severe weather.