Final answer:
The Arduino uses ATmega328P or other similar microcontrollers. The TX and RX pins are used for serial communication with modules like Bluetooth or GPS. Pins 2-13 handle digital input/output signals for interfacing with various electronic components.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Arduino utilizes various types of microcontrollers, depending on the specific board model. For example, the Arduino Uno commonly uses an Atmel AVR microcontroller, like the ATmega328P. When it comes to the TX (transmit) and RX (receive) pins, these are part of the board's serial communication interface. Modules that you would typically connect to these pins include serial communication modules like Bluetooth modules, GPS receivers, and GSM modules among others. These enable the Arduino to communicate with other devices or computers.
Pins 2-13 on an Arduino board are digital I/O (Input/Output) pins. They can carry digital information, meaning they can be set to high (usually 5V or 3.3V, depending on the board) or low (0V), effectively representing binary 1 or 0. These pins can be configured either as inputs to receive digital signals from switches, sensors, and other inputs, or as outputs to control LEDs, motors, and other devices.