Final answer:
During delivery, signs of shoulder dystocia include a prolonged second stage of labor, the turtle sign, excessive maternal effort with no progress, and the need for additional maneuvers to advance the shoulders after delivery of the head.
Step-by-step explanation:
During delivery, certain signs can raise suspicion of shoulder dystocia, a condition where the baby's shoulder gets stuck behind the mother's pelvic bone. The signs indicating this complication include:
- A prolonged second stage of labor, which is the time from complete cervical dilation to the delivery of the baby.
- The appearance of the fetal head but failure of external rotation, also known as turtle sign, where the head seems to retract against the mother's perineum after it has emerged.
- Excessive maternal effort with no progress in delivery.
- Need for ancillary obstetric maneuvers to advance the fetal shoulders after the head has been born.