Final answer:
Theory X and Theory Y are opposing management theories proposed by Douglas McGregor which reflect different assumptions about human behavior in the workplace. Theory X assumes people are inherently lazy and need to be strictly managed, while Theory Y views employees as self-motivated and capable of self-direction, thriving under a participative management style.
Step-by-step explanation:
Theory X and Theory Y in Motivation and Management
The statement is true: Theory X and Theory Y refer to a motivation theory that suggests management attitudes toward workers fall into two opposing categories based on management assumptions about worker capabilities and values.
According to Douglas McGregor's consequential theories, they present a dichotomy in management approaches where Theory X posits that people inherently dislike work and must be coerced or controlled to achieve organizational goals, hence needing a strict management style.
In contrast, Theory Y posits that people view work as being as natural as play and rest, are self-motivated, and thrive better under a participative management style.
Essentially, Theory X managers rely on strict supervision, external control, and a hierarchical command structure, believing employees need a highly structured work environment and must be constantly monitored. Conversely, Theory Y managers believe that the accomplishment of organizational goals can be achieved through enticements and rewards, encouraging participation in decision making and believing in the self-direction and self-control of employees.
A notable example of Theory Y in practice is the Toyota production line policy that trusts employees with the decision to halt production to address defects, emphasizing the importance of inclusivity and trust in the workforce.