Final answer:
CODIS and NADNA were established in the period from 1990 to the present, following earlier discoveries related to DNA in the mid to late 1800s and advancements in the 20th century. Option C is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) and the NADNA (National DNA Database) were established in the period of 1990-present. The development and understanding of DNA began much earlier, with significant discoveries occurring in the mid to late 1800s and the early 20th century.
It was not until the latter half of the 20th century and into the 21st century that these advances in understanding DNA's structure and function led to applications like CODIS and NADNA for criminal justice and personal identification purposes.
Regarding periods of bureaucratic expansion, option b. the 1920s and the 1980s represents significant growth in bureaucracy, although this does not directly correlate to the establishment of DNA databases.
The CODIS (Combined DNA Index System) and NADNA (National DNA Index System) databases were established in 1990-present. These databases are used by law enforcement agencies to store and compare DNA profiles of individuals, primarily for the purpose of solving crimes.
CODIS is a national database in the United States, while NADNA is an international database that allows the sharing of DNA profiles among participating countries.