Final answer:
New Left ideologies like environmentalism, feminism, critical race theory, and democratic socialism have emerged to challenge conservatism, advocating for more progressive societal changes. On the other hand, the New Right stands as a response to center-right ideologies, striving to safeguard traditional cultural norms and drawing a clear ideological divide with conservative populism.
Step-by-step explanation:
What new ideologies emerged to challenge conservatism? Since the 20th century, especially from the 1960s onward, a variety of movements known collectively as the New Left have contested conservative views. These include environmentalism, feminism (especially second- and third-wave), critical race and gender theory, democratic socialism, globalism, and Indigenist federalism. Seeking to make society more progressive, they often advocate for change and rights beyond the limits of traditional conservative ideologies, rejecting nondemocratic methods such as communism. Conversely, the New Right, including conservative populism, has challenged center-right ideologies, amplifying protection of traditional cultural norms. It has seen success in various countries, notably in the United States, Hungary, and Brazil. This pushback against the center-right comes with an emphasis on cultural conservatism and a skepticism of liberal policies. Conservatism itself originated as a response to the Enlightenment and revolution-era ideologies, emphasizing stability, community over individual rights, and gradual change in contrast to sudden revolution. Figures like Edmund Burke highlighted the importance of tradition and social order, often rooted in religious beliefs, which contrast sharply with the radical changes proposed by emerging ideologies after the revolutionary period.