Final answer:
The optimum angle to set a flat-panel collector is generally equal to the latitude of the installation location, which optimizes annual energy yield and minimizes seasonal variation. Near the equator, panels can be set flat, but at higher latitudes, a latitude-equal tilt ensures maximal sun exposure.
Step-by-step explanation:
Optimum Angle for Flat-Panel Collector
When setting up a flat-panel collector, the optimum angle is one that maximizes sun exposure throughout the year. A general recommendation is to tilt the panel at an angle equal to the latitude of the location where it's installed. This angle allows the panel to face the sun as directly as possible throughout the year, especially beneficial at higher latitudes where the sun is lower in the sky. For locations near the equator, the panels may be set flat, as the sun is high in the sky. The aim is to maximize the annual energy yield, getting the most kWh/m²/day. Studies have shown that tilting the panels at the latitude angle can significantly increase the yield compared to placing the panels flat.
By orienting solar panels to the south and tilting them to match the latitude, we ensure that fewer panels are required to collect the same incident energy. This is because tilted panels avoid self-shading and present a larger area to the incoming sunlight. The result is a more efficient energy collection system and minimal seasonal variation in yield. While figures such as a 45-degree tilt can be suggested, these can vary based on geographical location.