Question

Gated channels may be opened or closed by all of the following EXCEPT:

a. mechanical forces
b. voltage differences
c. binding of a ligand
d. voltage clamping
e. all of these can cause opening or closing of channels

Answer 1

Gated channels can be opened or closed by mechanical forces, voltage differences, or binding of a ligand, but not by voltage clamping.

Step-by-step explanation:

Gated ion channels can be opened or closed by mechanical forces, voltage differences, or binding of a ligand. However, they cannot be opened or closed by voltage clamping.

Mechanically-gated channels open in response to physical distortions of the cell membrane, such as pressure or temperature changes. Voltage-gated channels require a change in voltage across the membrane to open. Ligand-gated channels open when a specific molecule or ion binds to the channel protein.

Therefore, the correct answer is option d: voltage clamping does not cause opening or closing of channels.