Question

Which of the following typically does NOT involve experimental manipulation?

a) True experimental designs
b) Case studies
c) Factorial designs
d) None of the above

Answer 1

Case studies typically do not involve experimental manipulation as they are in-depth examinations of single cases or events without manipulating variables. Experimental designs like true experimental and factorial designs, on the other hand, involve manipulation of independent variables to measure effects.

Step-by-step explanation:

The following typically does NOT involve experimental manipulation: b) Case studies. Experimental manipulation is a fundamental aspect of the experimental design, where researchers apply a treatment or change to the experimental group, and not to the control group, to isolate the effects of the experimental manipulation on the outcome of interest.

Therefore, when discussing experimental designs:

• True experimental designs involve manipulating one or more independent variables to measure the effect on a dependent variable.
• Case studies involve in-depth examinations of single cases or events and typically do not include experimental manipulation of variables.
• Factorial designs are a type of experiment in which there are two or more independent variables, and the experiment examines the effect of these variables together.

Thus, case studies usually rely on observational data rather than applying controlled experimental conditions.