Final answer:
Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo are associated with the advancements in the understanding of the solar system, developing the heliocentric model and establishing the foundations of modern astronomy.
Step-by-step explanation:
Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler, and Galileo Galilei all played pivotal roles in advancing our understanding of the solar system and challenging the traditional geocentric view. Copernicus introduced the revolutionary heliocentric cosmology with the Sun at the center of the solar system in his book De Revolutionibus. Kepler, using Brahe's precise measurements, established the laws of planetary motion, solidifying the mathematical foundation for the Copernican theory and influencing later work by Isaac Newton. Galileo's telescopic discoveries further supported the heliocentric model in the face of strong opposition, marking the birth of modern astronomy and physics.