Final answer:
The maximum crosswind component for takeoff or landing varies and is specified by the aircraft manufacturer. Pilots calculate a crab angle to maintain a trajectory parallel to the runway and perform last minute maneuvers to align the wheels with the runway upon touchdown.
Step-by-step explanation:
The maximum crosswind component for takeoff or landing on a dry runway varies by aircraft type and is specified by the aircraft manufacturer. Pilots need to consult their specific aircraft's operating handbook or documentation to determine the exact value for their aircraft. Generally, smaller aircraft have lower maximum crosswind component values, while larger, more powerful aircraft can handle stronger crosswinds.
To illustrate how pilots deal with crosswinds, let's construct a problem where we need to calculate the angle an airplane must fly relative to the air mass to maintain a velocity parallel to the runway during a crosswind scenario. Assume a runway orientation of 0 degrees (North), a wind coming from 270 degrees (West) at 10 m/s, and an airplane speed relative to the air of 70 m/s. The pilot must calculate the required crab angle to counteract the crosswind and keep the plane aligned with the runway. Lastly, the pilot must also perform last minute maneuvers, such as a 'crab-to-slip' transition or 'sideslip,' to ensure the aircraft's wheels are aligned with the runway for a safe touchdown, navigating the crosswinds effectively.