Final answer:
The question pertains to applying Pascal's Principle in hydraulics to calculate bulk strain and absolute volume decrease in a hydraulic press, as well as forces and pressures in the hydraulic systems of machinery like backhoes. It involves physics calculations on pressure, force, and area.
Step-by-step explanation:
The described sequences in the question pertain to the principles of hydraulics, which are governed by Pascal's Principle. This principle states that a pressure change in an enclosed incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished to all portions of the fluid and to the walls of its container. In practical terms, this principle allows a hydraulic press to amplify force, enabling machines like backhoes to lift heavy loads with relatively small input forces.
Given a 250-liter volume of oil in a hydraulic press and an increase in pressure of 2300 psi, and considering the compressibility of oil (2.0 × 10-5/atm), you can calculate the bulk strain and the absolute decrease in the volume of oil. Bulk strain is defined as the change in volume divided by the original volume, while the absolute decrease is simply the bulk strain multiplied by the original volume.
Calculating the force needed by a secondary cylinder in a backhoe to lift a load, you need to consider the weight of the load and any additional components such as the brace and shovel. Pressure in the hydraulic fluid can be found using the relation P = F/A, where P is the pressure, F is the force, and A is the cross-sectional area of the cylinder. Lastly, the necessary force to be exerted on a lever to generate this pressure can be determined by taking into account the mechanical advantage of the lever and the diameter of the primary cylinder.