Final answer:
The term historically used for what is now recognized as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was 'shell shock.' Initially misunderstood as a physical consequence of shelling, shell shock encompassed a range of psychological symptoms faced by soldiers in wartime. Therefore, the correct option is c).
Step-by-step explanation:
The term "combat exhaustion" was once known as shell shock. This diagnosis came about during the intense bombardments of World War I, where combatants faced unprecedented levels of psychological stress. Over time, our understanding of this condition evolved and today, it is recognized as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Early on, it was thought that shell shock was caused by the physical impact of shelling, but it became clear that it was the acute psychological pressures soldiers faced that led to this condition. With symptoms ranging from mild tremors to severe emotional distress and flashbacks, treatment for shell shock was a challenge. Initially, it was perceived as hysteria or a sign of weakness, and the affected soldiers often faced social stigma and a lack of effective interventions. During the Vietnam War, the attitude towards combat-related psychological trauma began to shift, though veterans still faced significant challenges in obtaining proper care for PTSD.
Therefore, the correct option is c).