Final answer:
Xerophytes are plants adapted to extremely arid environments through special features like thick waxy cuticles and spines, which help them minimize water loss and compete with other plant types in harsh desert conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Plants that thrive in extremely arid environments, such as deserts, are known as xerophytes. These plants have evolved a range of adaptations that allow them to compete effectively with other plant types under such harsh conditions. A key element of their survival strategy involves modifications of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which enhance water usage efficiency and conserve energy. For instance, cacti are well-known xerophytes that have developed features like thickened waxy cuticles, stem photosynthesis, and spines instead of leaves to minimize water loss and store water.
Xerophytes have adapted to their local environments through features like a much thicker waxy cuticle and modified structures that reduce transpiration, the process of water loss from plant surfaces. This enables these plants to survive and even flourish where water resources are sparse or inconsistent.