Answer:
(1) During World War II, Jewish refugees who fled Europe were often more vulnerable than German Jews for several reasons. Firstly, German Jews were already living in a society where they had established roots, contacts, and resources. They had more opportunities to leave the country and find a safe haven elsewhere, and they had a greater chance of being granted asylum by other countries.
(2) In contrast, Jewish refugees who fled other parts of Europe often lacked established networks, resources, and legal status. They faced significant barriers in finding a safe place to live, and were often subject to discrimination, persecution, and violence. In many cases, they were denied entry by other countries and were forced to live in refugee camps, ghettos, or other unsafe conditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
(1) This suggests that the society's "universe of obligation" at the time was limited to certain groups of people, particularly those who were seen as members of the nation or the dominant culture. German Jews were seen as part of the German nation and therefore had a greater claim to protection and support, while Jewish refugees who were seen as outsiders were more easily marginalized and excluded from the universe of obligation.
(2) This limited universe of obligation was shaped by a range of factors, including nationalism, racism, xenophobia, and anti-Semitism. It highlights the importance of recognizing the value of all human life and expanding our sense of responsibility and obligation to include all members of society, regardless of their nationality, religion, or ethnicity.