Final answer:
Charlemagne did all of the following except D. signing the Magna Carta.
Step-by-step explanation:
Charlemagne did all of the following except for signing the Magna Carta. He expanded the Frankish Empire to include northern Spain and most of Italy. He encouraged the formation of schools in churches and monasteries and defended Pope Leo III against Roman nobles. However, he did not sign the Magna Carta, as this was a document signed in 1215 by King John of England.
The Magna Carta was a document signed in the year 1215 in England by King John, limiting the powers of the monarch and establishing certain rights for the nobility and the Church. Charlemagne, who lived from the time period of 742 to 814, predates the signing of the Magna Carta by several centuries.