Answer:
1. partisan politics
Partisan politics refers to a situation in which a political party puts the party agenda above the needs of the people. This is a somewhat contested term, and very relevant in discussions of democracy in America.
2. Orally
Voting was done orally in the early days of America. However, we now use secret ballots in order to protect voters from intimidation or coercion.
3. A notary public
In absentee voting, the person marks the ballot and then swears for it before a notary public. This is to ensure that the person did sign the ballot, as well as to check the person's identity and his condition as a voter.