Plessy v. Ferguson, situation in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on May 18, 1896, by a seven-to-one majority (one justice did not contribute), forward-thinking the contentious “separate but equal” principle for measuring the constitutionality of racial separation laws. It was shadowed by the Fourteenth Amendment, which added importantly to the self-respect and magnificence of American nationality and to the safety of personal liberty by announcing that all individuals naturalized or born in the United States, and focus to the authority thereof, are residents of the United States and of the State wherein they exist in. So therefore, the answer is the last one.