10). I've been using diodes for the past maybe 50 years, but I haven't
needed to think about the Ps and the Ns and the charge-carriers for
maybe 40 of those years.
I can tell you that "forward bias" means the diode is connected to
voltages in such a way that the diode's resistance looks small, and
the diode carries large current. So 'A' is probably wrong.
'B' feels like the best choice to me. Take this only for what it's worth.
11). Go online, search "permalloy", and read what it is.