9) Their charges and separation. (mass and separation is important for gravity)
10) loses electrons. electrons have a negative charge so if a neutral atom gains an electron, now has a charge of -1. If a neutral atom loses an electron, it now has a charge of +1. (This concept is really important in ionic bonding and oxidation-reduction reactions)
11) wires. Wires only provide electrons to a voltage source as well as a path way for the electrons to follow. They do not actually cause the electrons to move.
I hope this helps. Let me know in the comment if anything is unclear.