Final answer:
Psychological noise refers to internal disruptions in communication such as biases, strong emotions, and misinterpretations based on motivation. Technology, considered as an agent of social change, does not represent psychological noise, but rather an external factor influencing society.
Step-by-step explanation:
To identify which option is not an example of psychological noise, we need to understand what psychological noise is. Psychological noise refers to internal factors that disrupt communication. It includes preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases, strong emotions, and stress among others. For instance, timbre in the context of perceptual psychology, can be considered as an element that contributes to psychological noise as it can affect how sound is perceived.
Motivation is also a form of psychological noise when it leads to a misinterpretation of sensory input, such as thinking you hear your phone ringing when expecting an important call. Cognitive dissonance, such as the discomfort one experiences when their beliefs are challenged by new information, can also be seen as psychological noise.
Based on these definitions, technological changes typically do not constitute psychological noise, as they are external factors. Sociologists considering technology as an agent of social change are looking at external, societal influences rather than internal psychological processes that interfere with perception or communication.