Question

From the preamble: what circumstances have brought the colonists to this point? what will this document serve to do? what gives them the right to do it?

Answer 1

The taxation without representation made the colonists very unhappy. The document I believe you are speaking of is the Declaration of Independence? It will DECLARE their INDEPENDENCE. They really have no right to do it as they are under the rule of the king, but I believe it is completely reasonable and okay.