Question

What was a consequence of the Protestant Reformation

Answer 1

a reform movement, begun by Martin Luther, in 1517 that resulted in the split of Western Christianity.
➡Causes: problems with the Catholic Church(simony, selling of pardons, absenteeism, indulgences, pluralisms, corruption of the Ren. Popes, Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism), criticism of the Catholic Church(95 Theses, "salvation is achieved by faith alone", "Priesthood of all believers", Jon Hus, Erasmus).

➡consequences: counter reformation-->council of Trent, jesuits, corruption of the papacy, religious warfare.



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Answer 2

Before the reformation 1000-1517:
Church officials were breaking vows when they told people they could get rid of a sin by buying indulgences. Indulgences were grants people would buy so God would forgive the person for a sin. Also it was said to get a person out of purgatory.

During the reformation 1517-1650:
Two reformers were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Martin was against indulgences and Calvin was against protestants. Martin created the 95 these which was a list of arguments against indulgences. Calvin told lots of people his thoughts and was against predestination. The reformation spread throughout all of Western Europe specifically in Wittenburg, Saxony.

Counter reformation late 1500s to 1600s:
During the counter reformation the Catholic leaders worked on 5 things to stop the spread of protestantism:
1. they persecued non Catholics
2. they established the Roman Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden books to fight protestantism.
3. they created the council of Trent
4. they fought against the reforms
5. killed people who did things they didn't like
They decided there will be no more indulgences and every diocese had to go through a seminary. This was in response to many accusations that priests were not very educated. The council of Trent was also summoned to determine a plan to destroy protestantism and to reform the catholic church. The council developed a doctrine outlining the difference between Catholicism and protestantism. About 100,000 people died in the religious wars. The peace treaty of Westphalia was signed on may 15 and October 24 in 1648. There are two different dates because they were two different treaties. They provided a new system of political order in Central Europe. The treaties did not reinstall peace throughout Europe, but they did create a base for self determination.

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