(1) A patronymic is a name indicating who the holder's father was (or is) A metronymic is a name indicating who the holder's mother was (or is) (2) Prefixes: Fitz (Fitzwilliam), Mac (MacIntosh), Ap (Ap Rhys, modern Price) Suffixes: -ez (Henriquez), -son (Harrison), -ovitch (Nikolaievitch) (3) In most of Dark Age Europe, Christians had only their baptismal name. Duplication caused confusion so something (a patronymic, a gentilic, an occupational name, an indication of a physical characteristic, or a nickname was added. Such additions, except in Iceland, became hereditary, i.e. surnames. (4) Armstrong, Brown, Caesar, Rufus, Cabeza-de-Vaca, Lobo (5) No. Many names of female occupations were adopted by their male offspring (Brewster, Webster, Baxter..., (6) Marshal (an ostler in charge of a mare). Glad I could help :)