SOLUTION:
Step 1:
In this question, we are meant to discuss the p-value.
1. The p-value is calculated using the sampling distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis, the sample data, and the type of test being done (lower-tailed test, upper-tailed test, or two-sided test).
2.
3. What is the p-value in statistics?
The p-value is a number, calculated from a statistical test, that describes how likely you are to have found a particular set of observations if the null hypothesis were true. P-values are used in hypothesis testing to help decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.
4. How do I know when the test is left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed?
Left-tailed test: The critical region is in the extreme left region (tail) under the curve.
Right-tailed test: The critical region is in the extreme right region (tail) under the curve.
5. How do you know when to use a one - tailed or two - tailed test?
This is because a two-tailed test uses both the positive and negative tails of the distribution.
In other words, it tests for the possibility of positive or negative differences. A one-tailed test is appropriate if you only want to determine if there is a difference between groups in a specific direction.
6. The formulae that involves z-score:
7. The formulae that involves p -value and standard deviation: