Answer: A. Christianity was observed in both societies
Explanation: Christian rulers led all three peoples, but they weren't Catholic. Rather, these rulers were Arians, who believed that Jesus was separate from and lesser than God the Father. Catholics believe that God the Father, Jesus the Son of God, and the Holy Spirit are all equally divine. However, just because the rulers were Arian didn't mean that the people living in these different kingdoms shared in their beliefs. These Arian leaders' kingdoms contained mostly Catholic subjects. Thus, a commonality between ancient Rome and early Europe in the Early Middle Ages was the observation or practice of Christianity.