The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution addressed quite a few issues. The first being your personal rights. According to the 14th Amendment, to put it in simply terms, the government can't take away your basic rights and freedoms. You're protected equally as much as anyone else (which means no discrimination for any reason) and guarantees your citizenship in America (if you were born here).
There's also a few statements concerning the state and federal governments, but they basically just say there are some rights the state and federal government can't take away from you under certain circumstances.