You have a lot of questions here, I will be happy to help with the first couple of questions.
This example is an exponential equation situation. The equation is in the form of y = ab^x. Where a is the starting amount, b is the rate and x is the number of years.
Therefore, our equation would be: y = 15000(1.1)^x
To make your chart, just plug in the number of years for x and evaluate.