Question

1. How are corals analyzed to determine past and present climate of the oceans?

2. How did the work of Vevers and the NOAA Coral Reef Watch help predict where to go to find episodes of coral bleaching? How can the phase of El Nino-Southern Oscillation help?

Answer 1

Coral reefs can be analyzed to determine past and present climate of the oceans through paleoceanography. The work of Vevers and the NOAA Coral Reef Watch helps predict episodes of coral bleaching by utilizing satellite and monitoring data. The phase of El Nino-Southern Oscillation can also help predict bleaching events.

Step-by-step explanation:

Coral reefs can be analyzed to determine past and present climate of the oceans through a process called paleoceanography. This involves studying the growth patterns of corals, which can act as natural recorders of past climate conditions. Scientists can analyze the chemical composition of coral skeletons, such as stable isotopes, to reconstruct information about temperature, ocean currents, and other environmental factors.

The work of Vevers and the NOAA Coral Reef Watch helps predict episodes of coral bleaching by utilizing data from satellites and underwater monitoring systems. They use information on ocean temperatures, water clarity, and other factors to identify areas at risk of coral bleaching. The phase of El Nino-Southern Oscillation, which is a climate pattern characterized by warm and cold phases in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, can also help predict where bleaching events are likely to occur.

Answer 2

Explained as below

Step-by-step explanation:

1. Corals are marine organisms that live in colonies of coral polyps. They live on limestone and require specific temperatures for their survival. They derive most of their energy from the nutrients. And are typically found at depth of 200 feet. They have a soft exoskeleton made up of CaCo3. Most of the corals in the world are under threat from the impacts of global warming, in particular, agricultural activities surface runoff, coral mining and ocean acidification accompanied by rising temperatures. Thus they help in studying the past and present of the climate of oceans.

2. The NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric research various topics one of them is that on Coral reefs and it's measured through latest satellite data which quickly identifies the risks the coral posses from coral bleaching and other diseases. El Nino is a southern Oscillation. That develops in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific, including the area off the Pacific coast of South America. This causes reefs to erode, destroying fish habitat and exposing previously protected shorelines to the destructive force of ocean waves.