Final answer:
Ethanol or alcohol is classified as a depressant, not a stimulant, due to its effects on reducing nervous system activity. The temperance movement is indeed connected to social changes such as urbanization and immigration, and alcohol consumption increases urine output because it inhibits the release of ADH.
Step-by-step explanation:
Alcohol is often mistakenly categorized by some as a stimulant due to the initial euphoria and lower inhibitions that can result from its consumption. However, this is not accurate. Ethanol, which we refer to as alcohol, is a psychoactive drug that falls into the category of depressants. Depressants are substances which reduce arousal and stimulation in the nervous system, slowing down the body's functions. During acute alcohol administration, even though low doses might create a feeling of well-being or euphoria, alcohol generally leads to decreased reaction time, reduced visual acuity, and lowered levels of alertness. At higher doses, one may experience sedation, slurred speech, impaired coordination, and in severe cases, respiratory depression, coma, or even death.
Regarding the question on the temperance movement, it is true that the temperance movement was partly a response to new social conditions, namely increasing urbanization and immigration. This movement was an attempt to mitigate the perceived negative impacts of these changes on society through the reduction or elimination of alcohol consumption.
When it comes to the biological effects of alcohol, one such effect is diuresis, or increased urine production. This happens because alcohol inhibits the release of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), which in turn affects the kidneys' ability to reabsorb water, leading to an increase in urine output.