• The Atlantic trading network
• The Pacific trading network between the Americas and East Asia
• The influence of European civilizations, especially in the Americas and the
Philippines
• The engagement of even remote peoples, such as those of Siberia, in world trade networks
• The large populations in the Americas of peoples of African and European origins;
• African cultural influences in the Americas
• Ideas of race, particularly of “blackness”
• The demographic and economic legacy of the slave trade in West Africa