12. The Concordat of Worms resolved a power struggle between which two groups?
A. Italian nobles and German rulers
B. the Lombard League and Fredrick I
C. the Church and the Holy Roman Emperor
D. Rollo, a Viking leader, and Charles the Simple, king of France
13. What was the chief goal of the Crusades?
A. to spread Christianity throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa
B. to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims
C. to improve trade among Europe, Asia, and Africa
D. to force Byzantines to become Catholics