Answer:
This question is incomplete. Group of answer choices are:
A) Classical conditioning
B) The carrot and the stick
C) Aversion conditioning
D) Learned helplessness
The correct answer is D.
Step-by-step explanation:
Learned helplessness is a psychological state that manifests itself when a person begins to feel that he/she is incapable of modifying any situation, behavior or state through his/her behaviors. This phenomenon was studied extensively by Martin Seligman, father of positive psychology. According to Seligman, helplessness is a "psychological state that occurs frequently when events are uncontrollable", that is, when we can do nothing to change them. The consequence is uncontrollable when the probability of it happening is the same regardless of what we do. Manuel feels that regardless of what he does, he will not achieve any change in the result, decreasing the probability of doing something about it.