Question

8. Johanna is running for political office and, although she honestly believes she is the most qualified candidate her opponent is doing much better than she is in the polls. Consider the following advertising ideas and

indicate what the likely outcome is based on what you have learned about classical conditioning
Johanna's campaign runs an ad in which she outlines her policy positions using phrases like "helps working families and does not even mention her opponent
Effect on perceptions of Johanna: Improves her image
Effect on perceptions of her opponent: Mas no effect on his Image
Johanna's campaign runs an ad in which she outlines her positions using phrases like helps working familles and after each description of how she helps her constituents, displays a photo of her opponent's scouting
face with a big red X over it.
Effect on perceptions of Johanna: Select
Effect on perceptions of her opponent: Select
Johanna's campaign runs an ad in which she is not mentioned, but the likely harm caused by her opponent's position are detailed using phrases like "children will go to bed hungry and elders will be kicked out of
nursing homes with nowhere to go."
Effect on perceptions of Johanna: Select
Effect on perceptions of her opponent: Select
9. This experiment is useful in demonstrating the potential power of positive and negative associations formed within the brain between words/images/experiences and the subjective emotions they elicit. But it also suffers from
several potential pitfalls or limitations. One such possible flaw is that the syllables themselves - and not the associated words - may be inherently unpleasant or difficult to say, which could impact the ratings as well as the
interpretation of the results. All of the following are possible fixes for this experimental flaw EXCEPT:
a. having one of several distinct sounds play before being shown the words, rather than pairing with syllables.
b. using shapes or colors to pair with word types, in place of syllables.
Ocusing syllables that are very similar in pronuncation and ease of enunciation across all word types
O d. pairing asing nonsense sables with only positive words

Answer 1

Johanna's campaign ads that focus on positive messaging likely improve her image, while negative campaigning could potentially harm her opponent's image but also carry risks for her own perception. Experiments in associative learning could be flawed if syllables themselves are inherently unpleasant; fixes include using neutral or comparable stimuli across tests.

Step-by-step explanation:

Effects of Johanna's Campaign Ads on Perceptions Based on Classical Conditioning

When Johanna's campaign runs an ad that only outlines her policy positions with positive phrases like "helps working families" without mentioning her opponent, this may indeed improve her image as it focuses solely on the positive aspects of her campaign. However, this approach will probably have no effect on her opponent’s image as he is not mentioned.

In the scenario where Johanna's campaign includes her opponent's scowling face with a red X after mentioning her positive contributions, the likely outcome based on classical conditioning is a negative effect on her opponent's image, as the opponent is being directly associated with negative visuals. This may have a variable impact on Johanna's image, potentially leading to a more negative perception of her as well due to the use of negative campaigning.

Regarding the ad focusing on the harm caused by her opponent's positions with vivid, negative descriptions, it is likely to result in a negative effect on her opponent's image, associating him with harmful consequences. The effect on perceptions of Johanna is less clear since she is not mentioned, but if the negative portrayal is strong enough, it could potentially result in a positive contrast effect for Johanna by not being the source of negative imagery.

Limitations of the Experiments in Associative Learning

Regarding the pitfalls of experiments in associative learning, the potential flaw is that the syllables themselves might affect the study results because of their inherent unpleasantness or difficulty in pronunciation. Options to fix this flaw include using distinct sounds, shapes or colors, and similar syllables across all word types to prevent biases. However, option d, pairing nonsense syllables with only positive words, would not address the experimental flaw and could indeed introduce a new bias by only associating positive words with such syllables.