Answer:
Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections and are among the most widely prescribed drugs today. Its mechanism of action is based either on inhibiting or stopping the growth of bacteria, or on killing them.
Antibiotics work in different ways. For example, penicillin causes the cell wall to break down, causing the bacteria to die. However, tetracyclines do not kill the bacteria, instead they inhibit their growth by paralyzing the bacteria's protein synthesis. When the target protein mutates, it prevents the antibiotic from doing its job.
Resistance to an antibiotic occurs when the bacteria are able to survive and grow in the presence of one or more antibiotics. When this happens, the resistant bacteria continue to cause the infection.
Bacteria also become resistant when they transmit genetic material from one bacterium to another. One way to do this is by plasmids. Plasmids are fragments of bacterial DNA that can be transferred between bacteria. Some plasmids allow the bacteria to produce an enzyme that renders antibiotics useless. When the plasmid is inserted into other bacteria, resistance to the antibiotic can spread easily and quickly among the bacteria.
Also, when the genetic material of a bacterium spontaneously changes or mutates, the genetic changes can cause resistance. Over time, bacteria can acquire more than one type of resistance through different mechanisms. This can lead to so-called "superbugs" that are resistant to many classes of antibiotics. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be transmitted from one person to another (for example, by touching contaminated surfaces, coughing or sneezing), causing the spread of infections that are difficult or impossible to treat.
Step-by-step explanation:
This summary contains all the concepts you have named. Some do not have their specific term, but their explanation. As for example "Transduction Bacteriophage" which is the DNA that has been transferred from a bacterium, as the abstract says.