The best explanation of the text's use of dramatic irony is: C. When Rich writes a fake name on the exam, the audience is aware that Rich will fail Particle Physics this semester.
In the given scenario, dramatic irony occurs when the audience (readers) possesses knowledge that the characters within the story do not.
In option C, when Rich writes a fake name on the exam and expresses embarrassment, the audience becomes aware of the probable outcome—Rich failing Particle Physics—due to his lack of preparation and guessing on half the questions. This awareness creates a sense of anticipation or tension for the audience, as they foresee the consequences before the character himself does. Rich's action of using a fake name becomes ironic because the audience knows the likely consequence, while Rich remains unaware of his future academic challenge.
This disparity between what the audience knows and what the character knows generates tension, anticipation, or humor, enhancing the audience's engagement with the story through their privileged knowledge.