Answer:
b. Non-excludable; Tragedy of the commons.
Step-by-step explanation:
Bumper-to-bumper traffic on free public roads, a(n) NON EXCLUDABLE good, is an example of the TRADEGY OF THE COMMONS
Therefore NON EXCLUDABLE good can be defined as the goods in which every individual or the general public have access to use in which the use of this goods by the public does not affect it availability for use in the future meaning that such goods will still be available for the public to make use of which is why Bumper to bumper traffic on free public roads, is a NON EXCLUDABLE good because it does not restrict or exclude a person or an individual from using it. While TRADEGY OF THE COMMONS on the other hand can be defined as the way in which a person or an individual desire to use or make use of resource for their own self desire or self interest and gain without caring about other users of the same goods which inturn may lead to reduction or depletion of such resource for other users of it. But despite this tragedy of the common does not restrict or exclude the public from using or consuming it. Example of TRADEGY OF THE COMMONS is Traffic congestion.