Answer:
D). taken the place of; succeeded
Step-by-step explanation:
The meaning that would most closely identify the use of the word 'superseded' in the given paragraph would be 'taken the place of or succeeded.' The author wishes to denote a sense of 'replacement or succession' by using this word while asserting that despite the great rulers kept succeeding one another in the capital but remained unable to bring about any kind of change. The author connotes a sense of despair and disppointment as the destruction or reestablishment of the dynasty could not help in evolving/growing his little town at all. Thus, option D is the correct answer.