Answer:
See below
Explanation:
a) 43.8 - 38 = 5.8 yrs
b) SD = 8.9 yrs 5.8 / 8.9 = .6517 SD below the mean
(A z score merely shows how many standard deviations a score (age) is above or below the mean in SD units)
c) Z = - .6517 Negative because it is BELOW the mean ( FYI from z-score table: this is .2578 in percentage )
d) usual ( it (-.6517) is between -2 and + 2 )