Question

Write a summary of “The Human Brain.”

Write a summary of “The Human Brain.”

A summary is a concise, complete, and accurate overview of a text. It should not include a statement of your opinion or an analysis. Utilize your new vocabulary words and make sure to include evidence and key details from the text.

Answer 1

The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system. The brain consists of the cerebrum, the brainstem and the cerebellum. It controls most of the activities of the body, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the sense organs, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the skull bones of the head.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. The cerebral cortex is an outer layer of grey matter, covering the core of white matter. The cortex is split into the neocortex and the much smaller allocortex. The neocortex is made up of six neuronal layers, while the allocortex has three or four. Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes – the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The frontal lobe is associated with executive functions including self-control, planning, reasoning, and abstract thought, while the occipital lobe is dedicated to vision. Within each lobe, cortical areas are associated with specific functions, such as the sensory, motor and association regions. Although the left and right hemispheres are broadly similar in shape and function, some functions are associated with one side, such as language in the left and visual-spatial ability in the right. The hemispheres are connected by commissural nerve tracts, the largest being the corpus callosum.

The cerebrum is connected by the brainstem to the spinal cord. The brainstem consists of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem by pairs of tracts. Within the cerebrum is the ventricular system, consisting of four interconnected ventricles in which cerebrospinal fluid is produced and circulated. Underneath the cerebral cortex are several important structures, including the thalamus, the epithalamus, the pineal gland, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the subthalamus; the limbic structures, including the amygdala and the hippocampus; the claustrum, the various nuclei of the basal ganglia; the basal forebrain structures, and the three circumventricular organs. The cells of the brain include neurons and supportive glial cells. There are more than 86 billion neurons in the brain, and a more or less equal number of other cells. Brain activity is made possible by the interconnections of neurons and their release of neurotransmitters in response to nerve impulses. Neurons connect to form neural pathways, neural circuits, and elaborate network systems. The whole circuitry is driven by the process of neurotransmission.

The brain is protected by the skull, suspended in cerebrospinal fluid, and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood–brain barrier. However, the brain is still susceptible to damage, disease, and infection. Damage can be caused by trauma, or a loss of blood supply known as a stroke. The brain is susceptible to degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, dementias including Alzheimer's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Psychiatric conditions, including schizophrenia and clinical depression, are thought to be associated with brain dysfunctions. The brain can also be the site of tumours, both benign and malignant; these mostly originate from other sites in the body.

The study of the anatomy of the brain is neuroanatomy, while the study of its function is neuroscience. Numerous techniques are used to study the brain. Specimens from other animals, which may be examined microscopically, have traditionally provided much information. Medical imaging technologies such as functional neuroimaging, and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings are important in studying the brain. The medical history of people with brain injury has provided insight into the function of each part of the brain. Brain research has evolved over time, with philosophical, experimental, and theoretical phases. An emerging phase may be to simulate brain activity.

In culture, the philosophy of mind has for centuries attempted to address the question of the nature of consciousness and the mind-body problem. The pseudoscience of phrenology attempted to localise personality attributes to regions of the cortex in the 19th century. In science fiction, brain transplants are imagined in tales such as the 1942 Donovan's Brain

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Answer 2

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✨ The human nervous system, with its billions of nerve cells, is often described as "the most complex system in the known universe" .

✨ It starts as a tube of cells in the embryo, rapidly developing three distinct parts called the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain .

✍️ As the forebrain develops, it folds into wrinkles called convolutions .

✍️ This allows a great surface area to be packed into the limited space of the skull .

✍️ Human brains have noticeably more convolutions than brains of other species .

✴️️ The cerebrum is the large, topmost part of the brain . The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the cerebrum, where most of the cell bodies are packed .

✴️️ This layer is visible as a dark layer of gray matter when a preserved brain is sliced . Deep folds in the cerebral cortex, called fissures, are found in the same location on each brain .

⚡ Fissures can be used to define major areas on the cerebral cortex called lobes .

• The temporal lobe is at the side of the brain, below the lateral fissure .

• The parietal lobe is above the lateral fissure .

• The frontal lobe is farthest forward in the brain .

1. It is more developed in humans than in other animals .
2. It contains the prefrontal areas, farthest in front, which are involved in complex mental processes such as planning and creativity .

⭐ The two hemispheres of the brain are somewhat specialized for different activities .

⭐ In right-handed people, language usually depends upon areas on the left .

⭐ Spatial processing usually involves the parietal lobe on the right .

☃️ Emotional processing is also lateralized . Sad or avoidant thinking is more common when the right hemisphere is more active .

☃️ However, expert neuroscientists feel that the idea of "right brain thinking" and "left brain thinking" has been overdone . Most complex mental activity involves a mix of areas on the two sides .