Answer: d. All of the above.
Explanation: Budgeting is simply the activity of constructing a budget which in turn is defined as any amount of money or resources earmarked for a particular institution, activity or time-frame. An effective budget program is quite significant to both planning and controlling processes and is employed by managers and executives to plan, monitor and control various activities at every level of an organization or business creating better and tighter controls on an organization's costs, activities and communication.