Final answer:
Production is the technique out of place with respect to the 4Ps and marketing research, as it is not a part of the traditional 4Ps framework which includes Product, Price, Place, and Promotion.
Step-by-step explanation:
With respect to the 4Ps (Product, Price, Place, and Promotion) and marketing research, the technique that is out of place is d. Production. The 4Ps represent a marketing mix used to consider different facets of a product and how it reaches the market. Product refers to the physical aspects of the item being sold. Price involves determining the appropriate pricing strategy. Place discusses the distribution and how the product is made available to customers. Lastly, promotion involves advertising and how to communicate the benefits of the product to potential buyers. While important to the marketing of a product, production, although related, is not typically highlighted within the 4Ps framework, which is primarily about positioning and selling the product rather than the process of creating it.