Final answer:
European trade routes in the Eastern Hemisphere changed after the 16th century due to the fall of Constantinople, the discovery of the Americas, and the Age of Exploration.
Step-by-step explanation:
After the 16th century, European trade routes in the Eastern Hemisphere underwent significant changes.
Firstly, the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 disrupted the existing trade routes controlled by the Venetians and Genoese, prompting European powers to search for alternative routes to access Asian goods.
Secondly, the discovery of the Americas and the expense of establishing colonies there motivated European states to seek new trade routes to boost national wealth.
Lastly, the Age of Exploration in the 16th century led to the establishment of new trade networks in the Indian Ocean, connecting Europe with regions like India, Southeast Asia, and China.