Answer:
d. a chronic problem of locating and hiring qualified personnel
Step-by-step explanation:
During the 18th and 19th century, the American police departments were having a problem of locating qualified personnel who would work in the police force.
This led to them to develop a system called Kin police (voluntary men, who watch out for their kins). And, also, people who were part of this group of volunteer performs other task like lighting street lamps, recovering lost children, capturing runaway animals, and a variety of other services with their involvement in crime control activities being minimal.