Answer:
d. Authentication.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Computer technology, authentication can be defined as the process of verifying the identity of an individual or electronic device. Authentication work based on the principle (framework) of matching an incoming request from a user or electronic device to a set of uniquely defined credentials.
Basically, authentication ensures a user is truly who he or she claims to be, as well as confirm that an electronic device is valid through the process of verification
Digital certificates, smart cards, picture passwords, and biometrics are used to perform an authentication.