Final answer:
The judge's custody decision for Sarah and John was based on the proportion and distribution of caretaking by each parent during the marriage, highlighting the importance of both parents' roles and the impact on the children's well-being.
Step-by-step explanation:
The judge in the case of Sarah and John, whose parents are divorced, relied on a standard that examined the proportion and distribution of caretaking time and responsibility during the marriage to decide on custody. This approach acknowledges the importance of both parents in a child's life and looks into the actual involvement of each parent with the children before the separation.
Proximity to parents is significant to a child's well-being after divorce. Studies have shown that boys with joint arrangements or living with their fathers tend to exhibit less aggression, while girls in similar arrangements with their mothers often demonstrate more maturity and responsibility. The vast majority of children from divorced families live with their mothers, which can sometimes lead to boys lacking a father figure at home. However, it's highlighted that a robust parent-child relationship can significantly aid a child's adjustment to divorce.
Changes in family structure and the societal trends can have substantial effects on the well-being of children. Therefore, custody arrangements and maintaining strong relationships post-divorce are crucial for the optimal development and stability of children.