Answer:
a. Compute the cost of retained earnings (Ke)
$60 = $3 / (Ke - 8%)
Ke - 8% = $3 / $60 = 5%
Ke = 13%
b. If a $5 flotation cost is involved, compute the cost of new common stock (Kn).
$60 (1 - $5/$60) = $3 / (Kn - 8%)
$55 = $3 / (Kn - 8%)
Kn - 8% = $3 / $55 = 5.45%
Kn = 13.45%
Flotation costs reduce the amount of money that the company receives for every new stock that it issues, therefore, it increases the cost of new stocks.