Question

you are on the airplane, about to fly to an exotic location. How do acceleration, speed and inertia work to overcome the forces of gravity and air resistance during the take-off?

Answer 1

Make a paper airplane and have him toss it. his arm would be the thrust, the wings would provide lift, the shape of it would minimize drag (air resistance). However, if he put an engine on the same airplane, it would do the same thing as your arm would do.

So thrust, lift, shape.... Inertia is just a by product of the force that pushing you into your seat.