Final answer:
Utilitarians and Aristotle argue for advancing what they see as 'the good' in society, while Rawlsian liberalism focuses on establishing just principles without endorsing a particular conception of the good.
Step-by-step explanation:
Utilitarianism, as conceived by Jeremy Bentham, focuses on outcomes and seeks to maximize pleasure and minimize pain for the greatest number. In contrast, Aristotle's virtue ethics emphasize achieving the good life by cultivating virtues in individuals. John Rawls's liberalism, particularly through his theory of justice, aims to design principles that rational individuals behind a veil of ignorance would choose to ensure fairness and equity in society.
Rawls is concerned with achieving a just society based on principles that ensure liberties and address inequality. His liberty principle suggests that each person should have an equal right to basic liberties, while his difference principle intends to benefit the least advantaged members of society by allowing inequalities only if they are attached to positions open under fair equality of opportunity.
The correct answer to the question is c) Utilitarians and Aristotle start by asking what things are good and then argue that the government should advance the good, whereas Rawlsian liberals believe that the government should not advance any particular conception of the good.